Urukingo ni ugukangura umubiri uwuha amakuru ajyanye n'agakoko gatera uburwayi runaka ,iyo batanga urukingo bagutera ubwoko bw'agakoko bashaka ku kurinda bagaciye intege cyane ku buryo nta ngaruka mbi kaguteza cyangwa bakagutera kimwe mu bice byako ariko ku buryo umubiri ubasha gusoma amakuru yose yerekeranye nako gakoko ukubaka ubudahangarwa bwo kukarwanya ,kandi umubiri ugasigarana amakuru yuko warwanije ka gakoko.
Urukingo kugira ngo rwemezwe runyura mu magerageza atandukanye aho batangira ku rusuzumira ku nyamaswa bakagenda bareba ingaruka nibyago ruteza hanyuma rukabona gusuzumirwa ku bantu ariko ntibiba bivuzeko rutateza ibyago abantu haherwa ku mubare w'abantu bake hanyuma bakagenda bongera umubare w'abasuzumirwaho bashingiye ku cyizere rugaragaza iyo bigaragara ko ruteza ibyago bararuhagarika rukavugurwa neza cyangwa rugahindurirwa imiterere.
Urukingo rwavumbuwe bwa mbere numuhanga witwa Edwald Jenner mu mwaka wa 1796 nyuma yo gutera umwana w'imyaka 13 uburozi buterwa na virusi itera small pox hanyuma bikaza kugaragara ko uwo mwana yiremyemo ubudahangarwa bwo kurwanya iyo ndwara ,ariko ubusanzwe aba buddhist (soma budisite) bari basanzwe banywa ubumara bw'inzoka aho bafataga ingano nkeya cyane bakayinywa bityo umubiri ukabasha guhangana nabwo hanyuma inzoka igira ubwo bumara banyoye yaramuka ibarumye ntibagire icyo baba.
Urukingo rwagiye ruvugurwa uko ibihe byagiye bisimbura bigizwe uruhare rukomeye numuhanga w'umufaransa witwa Louis Pasteur ,,uyu muhanga azwiho gukora ubuvumbuzi bwinshi mu buvuzi ,kubera umusanzu w'abahanga batandukanye hagiye havumburwa inkingo zitandukanye zatanze umusanzu mu guhangana nibyorezo byagiye byibasira isi kandi byagabanije imfu z'abantu ku buryo bugaragara ,ubu hari inkingo zigera kuri makumyabiri(20) zemewe na WHO( Ishami ry'umuryango w'abibumbye rishinzwe ubuzima)